Present Perfect (Presente perfecto)
El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del español. Veremos las diferencias en la sección sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el presente.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar "to have" en el presente y el participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple del pasado. Ver la lección sobre el pasado simple para más información sobre como formar el pasado.
Subject | Auxiliary | Short Form | Past Participle |
I, You, We, They | have | I've, you've, we've, they've | talked, learned, traveled... |
He, She, It | has | he's, she's, it's | talked, learned, traveled... |
Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en inglés. A continuación tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados irregulares más comunes.
Verb | Past Simple | Past Participle |
Structure (Estructura)
- Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
- Ejemplos:
- Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)
- Ejemplos:
- Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)
- Ejemplos:
Uses (Usos)
Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de ahora. El tiempo específico no es importante. Por lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de tiempo específicas ("this morning", "yesterday", "last year"...) con el presente perfecto. Se puede usar el presente perfecto con expresiones de tiempo no concretas ("never", "ever", "many times", "for", "since", "already", "yet"...). Este concepto de tiempo no específico es bastante difícil de comprender, por este motivo, a continuación tienes los usos particulares del presente perfecto.
- Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No lo usamos para acciones específicas.
- Ejemplos:
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.
- Ejemplos:
- Se usa para los exitosos.
- Ejemplos:
- Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han sucedido. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que aún estamos esperando la acción, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los adverbios "yet" y "still".
- Ejemplos:
- Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en diferentes momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que son posibles más acciones en el futuro.
- Ejemplos:
- En general, usamos el presente perfecto continuo para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente. Pero como hemos visto, hay unos verbos que no podemos usar en los tiempos continuos. En estos casos, usamos el presente perfecto.
- Ejemplos:
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb:
The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:
Use
We use the present perfect tense:
- for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this:
She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
It’s been raining for hours.
It’s been raining for hours.
- for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
I’ve been watching that programme every week.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
I’ve been watching that programme every week.
We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:
They’ve been staying with us since last week.
I have worked here since I left school.
I’ve been watching that programme every week since it started.
I have worked here since I left school.
I’ve been watching that programme every week since it started.
- when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
Note: and we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.
Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.
- for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.
We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned:
A: Where have you been?
B: I’ve just been out to the supermarket.
B: I’ve just been out to the supermarket.
A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
B: No, but I’ve been to Los Angeles.
B: No, but I’ve been to Los Angeles.
But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:
A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.
We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently;
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present:
ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.
WARNING:
We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new carlast week.
When we were children we have been to California.
We have just bought a new car
But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.
We have bought a new car this week.
Present Perfect Exercises
Here's a list of all the present perfect simple exercises and present perfect continuous exercises on my website.
(If you need to review how to make the present perfect, click here)
(If you need to review how to use the present perfect, click here)
(If you need to review how to use the present perfect, click here)
Practice exercises about how to make the present perfect:
- Present Perfect Positive
- Present Perfect Negative
- Present Perfect Questions
- Present Perfect All Forms Mixed Exercise 1
- Present Perfect All Forms Mixed Exercise 2
Practice exercises about how to use the present perfect and the present perfect continuous:
- Choose the Past Simple or Present Perfect Exercise 1
- Choose the Past Simple or Present Perfect Exercise 2
- Choose the Past Simple or Present Perfect Exercise 3
- Choose the Past Simple or Present Perfect Exercise 4
- Choose the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous 1
- Choose the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous 2
- Choose the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous 3
El present perfect en Ingles, también conocido como present perfect simple o presente perfecto en español, es uno de los tiempos verbales del presente en inglés. Su uso correcto es necesario para expresar vivencias o recuerdos que ocurrieron hace tiempo, pero de los cuales todavía se guarda memoria o tienen importancia en la actualidad. Gracias a esto, su uso es muy común y es importante conocerlo a la perfección y recuerda que en nuestro blog de inglés te hablamos a profundidad de este tiempo verbal.
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